Mathematical Relays

Instructions: there are 17 relay questions. Each of the first 16 questions corresponds to the puzzle of the same number. The solution to each relay question is a common word or phrase, which is to be passed on to the next question; each of the first 16 relay questions involves the answer to the corresponding puzzle (denote PA#n), as well as the answer that was passed to it (denoted The Answer You Will Receive, or TAYWR). Three times, you will be asked to set aside a key word. The final relay question uses these key words to solve the mystery of the missing chalk.

Proceed to relay question 1.